Smu 1st Sem Assmnt Questions 2010

Fall 2010 Master of Business Administration-MBA Semester 1 MB0041 †Financial and Management Accounting †4 Credits (Book ID :B1130) Assignment Set-1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question conveys 10 Marks. Answer all the inquiries. Q. 1 Explain the Various bookkeeping Concepts and Principles? Q. 2 Pass diary passages for the accompanying exchanges 1. Madan started business with money Rs. 70000 2. Bought merchandise using a loan 14000 3. Pulled back for private utilize 3000 4. Products bought for money 12000 5. Paid wages 5000 Q. 3 Explain the different sorts of mistakes uncovered by Trial Balance? [10 Marks] [10 Marks] 10 Marks] Q. 4 From the accompanying adjusts separated from Trial balance, get ready Trading Account. The end stock toward the finish of the period is Rs. 56000 Particulars Stock on 1-1-2004 Returns inwards Returns outwards Purchases Debtors Creditors Carriage inwards Carriage outwards Import obligation on materials got from abroad Clearing charges Rent of business sh op Royalty paid to extricate materialsAmount in Rs. 70700 3000 102000 56000 45000 5000 4000 6000 7000 12000 10000 10 Marks] Fall 2010 Fire protection on stock Wages paid to laborers Office pay rates Cash markdown Gas, power and water Sales 000 8000 10000 1000 4000 250000 Q. 5 Differentiate Financial Accounting and Management bookkeeping? [10 Marks] Q. 6 Following is the Balance Sheet of M/s Srinivas Ltd. You are required to set up a Fund Flow Statement Particulars Equity Share capital Profit and Loss 14,750 17,000 31,000 15,000 16,500 2006 50,000 2007 65,000 Particulars Cash adjusts Debtors Investment 25,000 5,000 27,000 nil 80,000 (7000) 2006 10,000 2007 13,000 [10 Marks] Trade Creditors 29,000 Mortgage 10,000 Fixed Assets 50,000 Less: Depreciation (5,250) Short term advances 15,000 Accrued costs 8,000 7,500 Goodwill 5,000 nilStock Total 1, 26,750 1, 52,000 Total 37,000 1, 26,750 39,000 1, 52,000 Additional Information: 1. Devaluation gave is Rs. 1750. 2. Discount altruism. 3. Prof it paid Rs. 3500. Fall 2010 Master of Business Administration-MBA Semester 1 MB0041 †Financial and Management Accounting †4 Credits (Book ID :B1130) Assignment Set-2 (60 Marks) Note: Each question conveys 10 Marks. Answer all the inquiries. Q. 1 Explain the devices of Management bookkeeping? Marks] Q. 2 Find the commitment and benefit earned if the selling cost per unit is Rs. 25, variable expense per unit Rs. 20 and fixed cost Rs. ,05,000 for the yield of 80,000 units. [10 Marks] Q. 3 Explain the fundamental highlights of budgetary control? Marks] Q. 4 A huge retail locations makes 25% of its deals for money and the equalization on 30 days net. Because of flawed assortment practice, there have been misfortunes from terrible obligations to the e xtent [10 of 1 % of credit deals on normal in the past.The experience of the store tells that regularly 60 % of credit deals are gathered in the month following the deal, 25% in the second after month and 14 % in the third after mo nth. Deals in the first three months have been January 2007 Rs. 80,000, February Rs. ,00,000 and March Rs. 1,40,000. Deals for the following three months are evaluated as April Rs. 1,50,000, May Rs. 1,10,000 and June Rs. 1,00,000. Set up a timetable of anticipated money assortment. [10 Marks] Q. 5 A production line deals with standard costing framework. The standard evaluations of material for the production of 1000 units of a ware are 400 kg at Rs. 2. 50 for each kg. At the point when 2000 units of a product are made, it is discovered that 820 kgs of material is devoured at Rs. 2. 60 for each kg. Compute the material difference Marks] Q. 6 The Anchor Company Ltd creates a large portion of its electrical parts in its own plant.The organization is at present thinking about the attainability of purchasing a section from an outside provider for Rs. 4. 5 for every part. On the off chance that this were done, month to month expenses would increment by Rs. 1,000 [10 Fall 2010 The part via ble is made in Department 1 alongside various different parts. By virtue of suspending the creation of this part, Department 1 would have to some degree diminished activities. The normal month to month utilization creation of this part is 20,000 units. The expenses of delivering this part on per unit premise are as per the following. Material Labor (half-hour) Fixed overheads Total costs Rs. 1. 80 2. 40 0. 80 5. 00 [10 Marks]

Difference between B2B and B2C Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contrast somewhere in the range of B2B and B2C Marketing - Essay Example The relationship shared by an organization with outside customers, regardless of whether general purchasers or different organizations, is an imperative perspective and requires cautious key arranging. B2B promoting and B2C showcasing have in this way advanced into significant zones of study in advertising. The present paper targets understanding the distinctions existing between the two advertising models. The exploration has been completed in regard of the B2B and B2C showcasing systems existing in the aircraft business concerning Qantas carriers (Basole and Rouse, 2008). While showcasing items to different organizations, inclination is given to the rationale of the item. Time and cost sparing are the most significant highlights which are featured. B2B promoting includes cautious vital examination of the distinctive hierarchical procedures. The requirement for looking for a top to bottom information with respect to a firm’s activities, flexibly chain, esteem chain and genera lly speaking asset the executives procedure is higher in the B2B promoting process (Vargo and Lusch, 2008). Relations with providers are likewise observed to hold a significant spot in such a promoting approach. As opposed to such showcasing systems, B2C promoting methodologies focus after pulling in customers by featuring the advantages and the employments of the item. Customers are believed to stay progressively centered around the highlights and employments of an item (Vargo and Lusch, 2008). Cost and quality are additionally significant variables which ought to be thought of while promoting items to the customers. There are additionally basic contrasts in the way in which the items and administrations are introduced in B2B and B2C advertising. In B2B advertising, items are introduced utilizing consultative deals strategies.

The Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc - Environmental Conservation Awareness Assignment

The Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc - Environmental Conservation Awareness - Assignment Example The significant trademark that separates the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 motor, is its upgraded natural benevolent traits, which sees the motor convey the most reduced lifetime fuel consume (Wall, 2014:n.p.). Along these lines, natural protection mindfulness is the primary drive behind the development of this motor. In this regard, the undertaking lifecycle will follow a very much characterized process that will start with beginning period of the venture lifecycle that will involve the coordinated effort of the R&D and the advertising groups to characterize the task targets. This will be trailed by venture arranging and getting ready, which will share the errands between the two groups, with the showcasing group assuming the liability for distinguishing the market needs and passing on the equivalent to the R&D group, while the R&D group will assume the liability of the real planning of the motor. This will be trailed by the doing the work period of the venture lifecycle, where the promoting group will give the R&D group the item data extending from the fitting plan drawing, the shading plan of the motor and the proper highlights, for example, the size and weight subtleties . Then again, the R&D group will be answerable for the examination of the plan of the airplane motor with negligible clamor. After the structure examination, the R&D group will ignore the item to the showcasing group for test advertising and advancement. The full dispatch of the item will shape the end period of the task lifecycle. The entire venture is evaluated to take 3 months from the begin to close. The undertaking proposition looks to build up an entire venture motor creation lifecycle, where all the essential apparatuses and ideas will be gotten from PMBOK and correspondingly pertinent understanding materials. The venture planned for characterizing the task lifecycle of the improvement of Rolls-Royce Trent 900 motor. The substance of the undertaking was to accomplish a low clamor airplane motor, which likewise gives other ecological benefits.â â

Evolution Of Management Theory

Development Of Management Theory The executives has existed for the duration of the hour of man. The board all through the progression of time has advanced and isolated into various speculations anyway the end game, continues as before that is to accomplish a specific objective while cooperating as a group. There are different definitions to the term the executives. Lawrence Appely characterizes the board as Management is the advancement of individuals and not the heading of things, the executives is work force; organization (Agarwal, 2010, p.4). While William Spreigel terms it as Management is that capacity of an endeavor which worries about the heading and control of the different exercises to achieve the business targets. The board is basically an official capacity; it manages the dynamic course of the human exertion. (Agarwal, 2010, p.4). The board is the coordinating power in totally sorted out action. The action word oversee originates from the Italian maneggiare (to deal with particularly devices), which thus gets from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later mã ©nagement) affected the advancement in significance of the English word the board in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years. (www.wikipedia.com. 2012. The board. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management. [Accessed 13 December 12].) The board has been put to use since the commencement of humanity. The board like idea has been seen directly from the structure of the pyramids to sovereign Ashoka overcoming the entirety of India or bharat as it was and still is known. The executives is critical in the working of any undertaking, or association with the end goal for it to be effective. In the event that there is a flaw in the administration it can prompt disappointment of the errand or inappropriate working of the organization. It is hard to follow the specific causes of the executives however one can see its development all through time. In sequential request the absolute first bit of proof of the board hypothesis can be seen in Chanakyas Arthashashtra, trailed by Sun Tzus The Art of War, trailed by Niccolã ² Machiavellis The Prince, trailed by Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations. The nineteenth century later offered ascend to traditional financial analysts, for example, and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 Adam Smith (1 723-1790). These business analysts gave a scholarly foundation on asset distribution, creation and evaluating issues. On the other hand, visionaries like James Watt (1736-1819), Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) Eli Whitney (1765-1825), and created essentials of procedural gathering, for example, normalization, quality-control methodology, cost-bookkeeping, between variability of parts, and work-arranging. The primary complete standards of the executives showed up around the year 1920. The Concept of Corporation (distributed in 1949) a notable book that was composed by Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was perhaps the most punctual book on applied administration. Study of the board composed by Henry R Towne was distributed during the 1890s, The Principles of Scientific Management conceptualized by Frederick Winslow Taylor was distributed in the year 1911, Applied movement study was distributed in the year 1917, which was composed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.J. Duncan composed the main school the board course reading in 1911. Yoichi Ueno was the main individual to acquaint taylorism with Japan in 1912 and he turned into the primary administration expert of the Japanese-administration style. Ichiro Ueno, his child spearheaded Japanese quality affirmation. As should be obvious from the above models we realize that administration has been affected by different trains, for example, financial aspects, political theory, brain research, human sciences and even writing. Prior administration speculations planned for becoming more acquainted with these newcomers of the mechanical life toward the finish of the nineteenth century and start of the twentieth century in Europe and the United States. THE CLASSICLAL OR UNIVERSAL SCHOOL The most seasoned type of the school of the executives of thought is the old style school. It dates, back to the twentieth century. The old style or all inclusive idea manages how to oversee work associations all the more successfully. There are three zones of the executives that can be ordered under the traditional school or all inclusive way of thinking. They are as per the following- 1. Logical administration 2. Bureaucratic administration 3. Managerial administration The convictions of the old style or general way of thinking Fredrick Taylor was the author of the old style way of thinking. Prior, the body of the old style way of thinking inferred that workers, have just psychical and prudent needs, and that the idea of occupation fulfillment was in truth strange to it. This school advocates high specialization of work, unified dynamic, and benefit augmentation. The essential parts aggravated by Taylor for the logical administration school are as per the following- Assurance of norms of execution. Utilitarian foremanship Obligations of the board. Differential piecework of arrangement of pay installment Mental unrest. Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are outstanding donors of Classical School of the board thought who made extraordinary commitment and laid the reason for contemporary administration. THE Behavioral OR HUMAN RELATION SCHOOL The Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company led explores by Mayo,Roethlisberger and others just because on the human parts of associations during the 1930s. This methodology had recently been disregarded by the old style scholars. This school is named as neo-old style as it follows the scholarly type of traditional hypothesis and stresses the human component of the board as a contradiction as opposed to the indifference of old style hypothesis. These analyses prompted the improvement of new premises. These premises were the inspiration to work; assurance and efficiency are identified with the social conditions among the laborers and the boss, and not to the psychical conditions at work. Extensive commitments made by Kurt Lewin, Chris Argyris,Rensis Likert ,and Douglas McGregor have helped molded this school for being whatever it is today. Abraham Maslow a prestigious therapist built up a generally perceived pecking order of requirements. This is presently known as Maslows chain of command of necessities. This is an idea of inspiration dependent on the requirements of each individual. His idea had three suspicions. They are- The requirements of an individual are rarely really fulfilled. Human conduct is deliberate and is roused by the requirement for fulfillment. The requirements of an individual can be grouped by a various leveled structure of significance, from the least to most noteworthy. The over three premises demonstrate that people need an inspiration so as to take care of business. This hypothesis has been exceptionally valuable for directors so as to help rouse their workers. THE MANAGEMENT SCIENCE OR QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL Mathematicians, physicists, and researchers met up so as to take care of the issues brought about by World War II. The key component of this school is its utilization of arithmetic and measurements to help in deciding creation and activity issues. This methodology helps in comprehending specialized as opposed to human conduct issues. It contains a different group of specialists from whatever handle the issue being assaulted calls for. The colleagues at that point break down the issue and afterward make a scientific portrayal of it. In this way they would change a few parts of the condition to perceive what might occur in reality. The most significant commitments of the board science are in the zones of activities the board and creation the executives. (Duening, 2003) THE CONTENGENCY/SITUATIONAL OR ALL DEPENDS SCHOOL The possibility school was birthed during the 1970s. As the very name recommends this way of thinking depends on probability. In this methodology administrators manage every issue contrastingly dependent on the circumstance and its conviction lies in assessing numerous choices to take care of one issue. This hypothesis perceives that there is nobody most ideal approach to structure associations and oversee them. It overloads the factors and afterward chooses dependent on the shifting elements with respect to what might be the best arrangement. This methodology is profoundly reliant on the judgment of the supervisor in some random circumstance. It centers around the between connections inside and among the subsystems just as between the association and its condition. (Agarwal, 2010) For instance when taco chime asked itself what might guarantee its prosperity, they patched up their business dependent on the basic methods of reasoning of clients esteem food, arrangement, and the tasteful intrigue of the café. Taco ringer at that point recruited new directors who might guarantee that their methods of reasoning were placed enthusiastically subsequently guaranteeing their prosperity. (Anon., n.d.) THE SYSTEM SCHOOL The framework way of thinking considers the to be as one entire deliberate and joined body as opposed to seeing it in its various parts and pieces. Its initial givers incorporate Lawerence J.Henderson,W.G.Scott, Daniel Katz, J.D Thompson, and so forth. This methodology encourages the supervisors to take a gander at the more extensive picture. This school passes on to us that each and every activity done by any area of the organization influences different portions of the organization in changing degrees. In this school administrators settle on their choices simply after they have burdened every single alternative as to if that choice has been taken, how it will influence the organization. The directors can't work dependent on their specialty alone; they should consider the entire organization. With the goal for them to run easily they should be in consistent touch with different divisions of the organization also, so they can base their choices appropriately. End The board as one has seen above is under steady turn of events. It generally has more space for change for its own advancement. It has existed since days of yore. The ways of thinking are just the various methodologies that are utilized by any individual, or association with the end goal for it to accomplish its objectives. In this report the

When Your Grandchild Lives With a Drug Abuser

When Your Grandchild Lives With a Drug Abuser Addiction Print Helping Grandchildren That Live With a Drug Abuser By Susan Adcox Susan is the author of the book Stories From My Grandparent: An Heirloom Journal for Your Grandchild. She is a freelance writer whose grandparenting expertise has appeared in numerous publications. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Adcox Updated on February 02, 2020 Patrick LaRoque | Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery When a parent of a grandchild misuses drugs or alcohol, grandparents are put in a terrible position. Of course, a grandparents first instinct is to try to fix things, but substance abuse can be an intractable problem. Often, grandparents must settle for doing everything possible for their grandchildren, but even that course of action has risks. Does Drug Abuse Constitute Child Abuse? Grandparents who love their grandchildren think that they deserve parents who do not misuse drugs or alcohol, and this is true. All children deserve parents who are fully there for them. Parents are not perfect, though, and can struggle with a variety of issues. Unless a child is being injured or neglected, a parents substance use disorder is unlikely to qualify as child abuse. This is especially likely to be true when there is another parent in the family who ensures that children get appropriate care or  when a parents drug misuse does not occur when he or she is in charge of the children.   That said, studies do show that a parent with a substance use disorder is three times more likely to physically or sexually abuse their child than a parent who does not misuse drugs.?? Basic Steps for Grandparents Some steps that grandparents can take are obvious ones. They can make sure that the grandchildren know that they have people in their lives who they can talk to about what theyre going through. Ensure that they know there are people who love them and will see that they are taken care of. They can nurture their relationship with their grandchildren so that if they ever have to take over their care, the children wont feel that they are being turned over to strangers. They can create opportunities for the grandchildren to be with extended family, to get to know aunts, uncles, and cousins. Those family members also often step in during family crises. What Not to Do Pointing out a parents faults is seldom productive. Even children who know that a parent has a substance abuse problem want to believe the best about their parent. Hearing a grandparent verbally attack a parent is likely to cause problems in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. In addition, parents can be quick to cut off grandparents who are perceived as working against them. The most essential thing that grandparents must do is to preserve contact with their grandchildren.   Sometimes grandparents struggle with staying quiet, feeling that they must take a stand when parents engage in unwise and destructive behavior. Doing otherwise feels inauthentic and wrong.  Speaking up about someones drug or alcohol  habit seldom changes anything, however. If only it were that easy! And staying quiet does not constitute an endorsement of their behavior. If grandchildren bring up the topic, however, grandparents may take advantage of the opening to discuss the dangers of substance abuse in a way that is age-appropriate. It is still best, however, to refrain from placing blame.   Effects of Substance Abuse on Everyday Life Parental substance abuse can have a wide-ranging impact on families. Often, there are economic consequences, as the parent can have difficulty holding a job or may miss work. Sometimes children are given basic care but dont get help with homework, health routines, grooming, or other non-essential but important items.??   In the case of economic struggles, grandparents are  put in a no-win situation. If they readily step in with economic aid, they may be enabling a parents habit by making it possible for them to spend even more money on alcohol or drugs. The usual money mistakes that grandparents sometimes make with adult children can have a greater impact when substance abuse is in the picture. Generally speaking, it may be best if grandparents bail out the parents only when not doing so will have a direct and detrimental impact on the grandchildren. Boundaries Matter Even when parents struggle with substance use disorders, they often still see themselves as loving parents and want to fill the parental role. Thus, it is important for grandparents not to overstep boundaries. A grandparent who is afraid that there is no money for school clothes, for example, can offer to take the grandchildren shopping and can even include the parent in the excursion. This is a far better solution than just buying clothes for the children without asking the parents or allowing them to have input. Emotional Impact Children whose parents abuse drugs or alcohol may suffer a variety of emotional effects. These include:?? Ambivalence: Children typically love their parents, even when they may dislike the way alcohol or drugs make them behave.Confusion: Children of substance abusers never know what to expect, because they never know when a parent is going to be under the influence.Lack of trust: Because alcoholics and substance abusers often promise and fail to deliver, children sometimes grow up feeling that they cant trust anyone.Guilt: Substance abusers often blame their behavior on  other family members. Its only natural for children to wonder if they are at fault, even when they are not named.Shame:  Since its natural to identify with family members, children may take the shame of addiction on themselves.  Worry: Once children reach a certain age, they realize that substance abuse has consequences, including accidents and run-ins with the law. They may worry that their parent will  be incarcerated or die. They may also know that abusers sometimes lose their parental rights, and they may worry about losing their family. Statistics also show that children of substance abusers have an increased risk of developing a substance use disorder themselves due to genetic and environmental factors.?? Still, the presence of loving grandparents can be a positive force working against the repetition of the cycle. Psycho-Social Effects Substance abuse in a family also affects a childs psychological and social functioning.?? Children feel at fault or feel that they must try to fix things. When children react in this way, they often feel a lot of pressure. They may feel that they must be perfect in every way. Grandparents can help by taking any opportunity to point out that the situation is not their fault and that they do not have the power to fix it. They can encourage their grandchildren to do their best but let them know that its also okay to mess up occasionally. At other times, children under-perform or act out. This is a more difficult syndrome for grandparents to handle. They can try to stave off academic difficulties. There are many ways that grandparents can support their grandchildren in school. A truly  troubled child, however, will need counseling or therapy. Grandparents can sometimes get parents to agree to such measures if they refrain from tying the childs behavior to a  parents substance abuse. Children whose parents misuse alcohol or drugs are often reluctant to bring friends home. This reluctance can impact their social development. Grandparents can help by sometimes including their grandchildrens friends in outings and visits. This is a practice that needs to be developed early on, however. If grandparents dont include friends when their grandchildren are young, its unlikely to work when they try to include the friends of tween or teen grandchildren. Yes, many grandparents would prefer to have their grandchildren all to themselves rather than sharing time with their friends. Still, what is best for the grandchildren should be the controlling factor. In Case of Abuse or Neglect Although substance abuse on the part of a parent doesnt automatically qualify as child abuse, abuse can occur when a parent is under the influence. Children can also experience neglect, usually defined as a failure to provide food, clothing, shelter, or medical care. Neglect can also occur when parents fail to protect children from risk.?? Grandparents who know that grandchildren are being abused or neglected are legally and morally bound to report the situation, even if it is the grandparents own child who is at fault. Sometimes, however, grandparents are unsure whether a situation really qualifies as abuse or neglect. Every state has an abuse hotline, and those who man the phone lines can often offer clarification. Sometimes reports can also be made online. Although reports can be made anonymously, it is best when callers provide their names and contact information so that they can be asked for further information or verification. Ones identity can be kept confidential. In the case that children must be removed from the home, most grandparents will want to be contacted so that they can be involved in care decisions. In fact, a 2008 act ensures that grandparents have that right.??  Many grandparents in this situation end up raising grandchildren, either as official foster parents or in a more informal custodial placement. Of course, grandparents who report abuse run the risk of being cut off from grandchildren, especially if the agency decides that the children are not at risk. Even if a report is anonymous or confidential, parents may correctly deduce the identity of the reporter. Also, parents sometimes simply withdraw from contact with any outside parties. They may even move to avoid contact with protective services. Still, if grandchildren are truly at risk, grandparents have no choice. Grandparents and Self-Care When grandchildren are in a bad situation, grandparents suffer, too. When grandchildren live with someone who misuses drugs, grandparents may feel that it is their fault. If the person is their own child, they may feel responsible in some way. If the person misusing drugs is the spouse, they may feel that they should have opposed the relationship. The truth is that individuals are responsible for their own decisions. Second-guessing every decision that one made as a parent is unproductive and will only cause additional problems. One of the best strategies for grandparents dealing with a family member who misuses drugs is to live the best life they can. By caring for themselves physically and emotionally, grandparents will  offer  their grandchildren positive role models. They will convey that life is full of possibilities. They will be physically and emotionally able to offer their grandchildren a safe place when it is sorely needed.

Hucks Roles as Defined by the River and the Shore - Literature Essay Samples

Whenever Huck Finn steers his raft from the free currents of the river to the brambles on the banks of the Mississipi he renews his interaction with the society of the American south. When Twains narrative comes ashore with Huck, the narrative becomes centered on the roles Huck is expected to play, and the roles everyone around Huck is trying to play. Everyone seems knows what the roles are, but they are less sure if the people around them are filling the roles accurately. Speech becomes the primary means through which people investigate roles. The role-less river life becomes defined by silence in contrast to the constant questions on the shore.The roles played by the people Huck meets are centered around the legend that W.G. Cash speaks of: the assumption that every planter was in the most rigid sense of the word a gentlemen, and that any upstanding citizen was as well. The form of the gentleman was well defined, but no ones position as a gentleman was so defined. According to Cash, the people had an uncertainty that comes with making an assumption about ones own identity; the people of the south had an uneasy sensation of inadequacy for their role. They needed to drive home the perception of their rank and value (69). Equally important was determining the rank of those around them, or the role they were trying to play, if it was not that of gentleman. Each time that Huck alights on shore there is almost immediately an interview of some sort, where his identity is mined. There is never a community in which he is allowed to stand as himself, quietly. At each town Huck is forced to verbally construct an identity for himself. Thus, the land is not defined only by speech, but by the interrogative pattern of speech; perhaps, as Cash says, the Southern fondness for rhetoric (51). Hucks interactions with adults are always interrogatory‹from Judith Loftus, the first woman he meets on his journey, to Sally Phelps, the last one. This quality of his inter actions extends even to his relationship with other children. Huck tells us that the first moment Buck Grangerford gets Huck alone, he asked me what my name was, and soon after asked me where Moses was when the candle went out (162). While Buck may not be aware of his efforts, the riddle he asks allows him to place Huck in his understanding of the Christian chivalric code that Cash discusses. The first time Mary Jane Wilks speaks to Huck, she opens a long chain of questions with, Did you ever see the king? (223). The constant interrogative dialogue of the shore is thrown into juxtaposition with Hucks life on the raft. Here there are no questions, and no sound. The days on the raft slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely (177). Without dialogue, time on the raft has less form than time on the land, both for Huck and for Twains narrative. Both Huck and Twain have the freedom to look around them. Whereas time on the land is filled with words, time on the raft is filled with s ights. Huck goes into extended melodious descriptions beginning with lines like, the first thing to see, looking over the water, was a kind of dull line (177). The visual world opens out from here. When roleplaying does invade the raft, in the form of the King and the Daupin, the interrogation of the land comes with it. After the faux-royaltys finish sharing their own stories, they immediately, asked us considerable many questions; wanted to know what we covered up the raft that way for, and laid by in the day-time instead of running‹was Jim a runaway nigger? (184). The King and Dauphin clearly have the shore disease of needing to place Huck and Jim in their rigid understanding of people. Because of the form given to shore life by the dialogue, Hucks voice is frequently made peripheral during his forays off the raft. It is chained to explaining his identity in response to the questions of the townspeople, or describing in detail the behavior and anecdotes of these people. In the scenes where Sherburn delivers his diatribe to the town, Hucks voice is merely a conduit for Sherburns voice for pages at a time, and we hear none of Hucks thoughts. Interestingly, it is only when Huck is allowed to be silent, when he reaches the raft, that his own voice is liberated. It is on the raft that he is allowed to look naturally at the world around him, rather than at the complicated systems of behavior being played out on the shore.

Leo Szilard Biography, Role in Creation of Atomic Bomb

Leo Szilard (1898-1964) was a Hungarian-born American physicist and inventor who played a key role in the development of the atomic bomb. Though he vocally opposed using the bomb in war, Szilard felt it was important to perfect the super-weapon before Nazi Germany. In 1933, Szilard developed the idea of the nuclear chain reaction, and in 1934, he joined with Enrico Fermi in patenting the world’s first working nuclear reactor. He also wrote the letter signed by Albert Einstein in 1939 that convinced U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt of the need for the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb. After the bomb had been successfully tested, on July 16, 1945, he signed a petition asking President Harry Truman not to use it on Japan. Truman, however, never received it. Fast Facts: Leo Szilard Full Name: Leo Szilard (born as Leo Spitz)Known For: Groundbreaking nuclear physicistBorn: February 11, 1898, in Budapest, HungaryDied: May 30, 1964, in La Jolla, CaliforniaParents: Louis Spitz and Tekla VidorSpouse: Dr. Gertrud (Trude) Weiss (m. 1951)Education: Budapest Technical University, Technical University of Berlin, Humboldt University of BerlinKey Accomplishments: Nuclear chain reaction. Manhattan Project atomic bomb scientist.Awards: Atoms for Peace Award (1959). Albert Einstein Award (1960). Humanist of the Year (1960). Early Life Leo Szilard was born Leo Spitz on February 11, 1898, in Budapest, Hungary. A year later, his Jewish parents, civil engineer Louis Spitz and Tekla Vidor, changed the family’s surname from the German â€Å"Spitz† to the Hungarian â€Å"Szilard.† Even during high school, Szilard showed an aptitude for physics and mathematics, winning a national prize for mathematics in 1916, the year he graduated. In September 1916, he attended Palatine Joseph Technical University in Budapest as an engineering student, but joined the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1917 at the height of World War I. Portrait of Professor of Biophysics, Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics, at the University of Chicago Dr Leo Szilard (1898 - 1964), Chicago, Illinois, 1957. PhotoQuest / Getty Images Education and Early Research Forced to return to Budapest to recover from the dreaded Spanish Influenza of 1918, Szilard never saw battle. After the war, he briefly returned to school in Budapest, but transferred to the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Germany, in 1920. He soon changed schools and majors, studying physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he attended the lectures of no less than Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Max von Laue. After earning his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Berlin in 1922, Szilard worked as von Laue’s research assistant at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, where he collaborated with Einstein on a home refrigerator based on their revolutionary Einstein-Szilard pump. In 1927, Szilard was hired as an instructor at the University of Berlin. It was there that he published his paper â€Å"On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Intervention of Intelligent Beings,† which would become the basis for his later work on the second law of thermodynamics. The Nuclear Chain Reaction Faced with the threat of the Nazi Party’s anti-Semitic policy and harsh treatment of Jewish academics, Szilard left Germany in 1933. After living briefly in Vienna, he arrived in London in 1934. While experimenting with chain reactions at London’s St. Bartholomews Hospital, he discovered a method of separating the radioactive isotopes of iodine. This research led to Szilard being granted the first patent for a method of creating a nuclear chain reaction in 1936. As war with Germany grew more likely, his patent was entrusted to the British Admiralty to ensure its secrecy. Szilard continued his research at Oxford University, where he intensified his efforts to warn Enrico Fermi of the dangers to humanity of using nuclear chain reactions to create weapons of war rather than to generate energy. The Manhattan Project   In January 1938, with the impending war in Europe threatening his work, if not his very life, Szilard immigrated to the United States, where he continued his research in nuclear chain reactions while teaching at New York’s Columbia University. When news reached America in 1939 that German physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann had discovered nuclear fission—the trigger of an atomic explosion—Szilard and several of his fellow physicists convinced Albert Einstein to sign a letter to President Roosevelt explaining the devastating destructive force of an atomic bomb. With Nazi Germany now on the verge of taking over Europe, Szilard, Fermi, and their associates feared what could happen to America if Germany built a working bomb first. Convinced by the Einstein–Szilard letter, Roosevelt ordered the creation of the Manhattan Project, a famed collaboration of outstanding U.S., British, and Canadian scientists dedicated to harnessing nuclear energy for military uses. As a member of the Manhattan Project from 1942 to 1945, Szilard worked as the chief physicist alongside Fermi at the University of Chicago, where they built the world’s first working nuclear reactor. This breakthrough led to the first successful test of an atomic bomb on July 16, 1945, at White Sands, New Mexico. Shaken by the destructive force of the weapon he had helped to create, Szilard decided to dedicate the rest of his life to nuclear safety, arms control, and the prevention of further development of nuclear energy for military purposes. After World War II, Szilard became fascinated by molecular biology and the groundbreaking research being done by Jonas Salk in developing the polio vaccine, eventually helping found the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. During the Cold War, he continued to call for international atomic arms control, the advancement of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and better U.S. relations with the Soviet Union. Szilard received the Atoms for Peace Award in 1959, and was named Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association, and given the Albert Einstein Award in 1960. In 1962, he founded the Council for a Livable World, an organization dedicated to delivering â€Å"the sweet  voice of reason† about nuclear weapons to Congress, the White House, and the American public. The Voice of the Dolphins In 1961, Szilard published a collection of his own short stories, â€Å"The Voice of the Dolphins,† in which he predicts moral and political issues to be triggered by the proliferation of atomic weapons in the year 1985. The title refers to a group of Russian and American scientists who in translating the language of dolphins found that their intelligence and wisdom exceeded that of humans. In another story, â€Å"My Trial as a War Criminal,† Szilard presents a revealing, though fantasized, view of himself standing trial for war crimes against humanity after the United States had unconditionally surrendered to the Soviet Union, after losing a war in which the U.S.S.R. had unleashed a devastating germ warfare program. Personal Life Szilard married physician Dr. Gertrud (Trude) Weiss on October 13, 1951, in New York City. The couple had no known surviving children. Before his marriage to Dr. Weiss, Szilard had been an unmarried life partner of Berlin opera singer Gerda Philipsborn during the 1920s and 1930s. Cancer and Death After being diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1960, Szilard underwent radiation therapy at New York’s Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital, using a cobalt 60 treatment regimen Szilard himself had designed. After a second round of treatment in 1962, Szilard was declared cancer-free. The Szilard-designed cobalt therapy is still used for the treatment of many inoperable cancers. During his final years, Szilard served as a fellow at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, which he had helped to found in 1963. In April 1964, Szilard and Dr. Weiss moved to a La Jolla hotel bungalow, where he died of heart attack in his sleep on May 30, 1964, at age 66. Today, a portion of his ashes is buried in Lakeview Cemetery, Ithaca, New York, alongside those of his wife. Sources and Further Reference Lanoutte, William. Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. University of Chicago Press (1992). ISBN-10: 0226468887Leo Szilard (1898-1964). Jewish Virtual LibraryLeo Szilard Papers, 1898-1998. University of California San Diego (1998)Leo Szilard: European Refugee, Manhattan Project Veteran, Scientist. Atomic Heritage Foundation.Jogalekar, Ashutosh. Why the World Needs More Leo Szilards. Scientific American (February 18, 2014).